This led to the emergence of a distinct field of molecular and genomic laboratory medicine in 1995, the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) was formed to give it structure. The 1990s saw an era of identification of newly discovered genes and new techniques for DNA sequencing. In the 1980s, the term “Molecular Diagnostics” was utilized in the names of companies such as Molecular Diagnostics Incorporated and Bethesda Research Laboratories Molecular Diagnostics. In 1980 advised a prenatal genetic test for Thalassemia that was not based on DNA sequencing, but on restriction enzymes that cut DNA at specific short sequences, creating various bands of DNA strand depending upon the presence of allele (genetic variation). The field of molecular biology grew in the late twentieth century (Table 1). History of Molecular Diagnostics: Advancements and Discovery We conclude by noting emergence of two novel therapeutic approaches of pharmaco-genomics and nutri-genomics that have the power to influence the diseases management plan. The current review will provide an overview of the current scenario of molecular diagnostics, with the glimpse of the key technology that are driving the molecular revolution with pin-pointing some specific diseases and disorders. Molecular diagnostics has transformed diagnostics dynamically, leading to insights in research and treatment in many disease states that are revolutionizing health care. The molecular diagnostics has attracted particular attention in recent years owing to deep insights it brings to diagnosis and treatment. The main categories of diagnostics are clinical chemistry, immunology, hematology, microbiology and molecular diagnostics. Right from the genetic tests that can help notify personalized cancer treatment to the microbial culture for recognition of right antibiotic combating an infection, diagnostics provide critical insights at every stage of medical care prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment and successful management of health conditions. Today’s medical decision making is strongly based upon the diagnostics results. Our healthcare system is critically and crucially dependent upon diagnostics. Thus this field is revolutionizing current era and further it may open new vistas in the field of disease management. Implementation of genetic criteria for patient selection and individual assessment of the risks and benefits of treatment emerges as a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. However, there is also need to pinpoint various obstacles and issues related to the commercialization and widespread dispersal of genetic knowledge derived from the exploitation of the biotechnology industry and the development and marketing of diagnostic services. The Biotechnology plays an important role in the development of diagnostic assays in response to an outbreak or critical disease response need. Further advances of genetic engineering have also revolutionized immunoassay biotechnology via engineering of antibody-encoding genes and the phage display technology. Sequence information collected from the genomes of many individuals is leading to the rapid discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs. Advances in microarray “chip” technology as microarrays have allowed the parallel analysis of gene expression patterns of thousands of genes simultaneously. Further the functional genomics also exploring the expression genetics (hybridization-, PCR- and sequence-based technologies), two-hybrid technology, next generation sequencing with Bioinformatics and computational biology. Various promising technologies and diagnostic applications of structural genomics are currently preparing a large database of disease-genes, genetic alterations etc., by mutation scanning and DNA chip technology. The structural and functional genomics approaches have now pinpointed the technical challenge in the exploration of disease-related genes and the recognition of their structural alterations or elucidation of gene function. The current advent of molecular technologies together with a multidisciplinary interplay of several fields led to the development of genomics, which concentrates on the detection of pathogenic events at the genome level.
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